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A Cpk value, or process capability index, is a statistical measure that indicates how well a process is performing relative to its specification limits. A Cpk value of less than 1.5 suggests that the process may struggle to meet quality levels consistently.

Specifically, a Cpk value of 1.5 indicates that a process is capable of producing products within specified limits with a high degree of reliability. Values below this level imply that there are likely to be instances where the output falls outside of acceptable quality standards, suggesting that improvement in the process is needed.

In contrast, a Cpk value of 1 or lower shows even greater risk of producing defects, meaning the process is not performing adequately to consistently meet customer requirements. Hence, recognizing a Cpk value under 1.5 is critical for identifying processes that need enhancements to boost quality and reliability in production. This understanding is vital for organizations aiming to maintain high standards and minimize defects in their products or services.